A Note on noncommutative unique ergodicity and weighted means

In this paper we study unique ergodicity of C∗-dynamical system (A,T), consisting of a unital C∗-algebra A and a Markov operator T:A↦A, relative to its fixed point subspace, in terms of Riesz summation which is weaker than Cesaro one. Namely, it is proven that (A,T) is uniquely ergodic relative to its fixed point subspace if and only if its Riesz means... converge to ET(x) in A for any x∈A, as n→∞, here ET is an projection of A to the fixed point subspace of T. It is also constructed a uniquely ergodic entangled Markov operator relative to its fixed point subspace, which is not ergodic

Wideband harmonic radar detection

Radio sites consist naturally of metallic structures. Metals are always covered by an oxide film due to the metal reacting chemically with the oxygen in air. The rate of this oxide formation depends largely on the environment. Any oxide film between metallic contacts will cause non-linearity. RF currents passing through these junctions would generate harmonics. When RF signals at two frequencies fl and f2 pass-through a non-linearity they create signals at their sum and difference frequencies. These are known as 'inter-modulation products'. This generation of inter-modulation products when radio waves interact with rusty parts is called as the 'Rusty Bolt Effect'. Radio spectrum is carefully controlled for optimal usage of the available frequencies so that different services operate in well-defined frequency channels. Ofcom has set some standards for radio site engineering. This set of standards is given in the document 'MPT 1331: Code of Practice for Radio Site Engineering'. Any transmission site which is not following these codes would likely cause interference to other users. It is important that radio engineers should check the sites for their compliance with these codes. If a particular radio site is causing interference due to the rusty-bolt effect, the corroded points must be located to minimize their effect using a Harmonic Radar. A 'Harmonic Radar' is a device that illuminates a region of space with RF waves and receives the harmonics of the transmitted frequencies. The received data can then be processed to find the exact location and mobility of the points causing the generation of these harmonics. It works on the principle of radar transmitting a chirp signal and receiving harmonics of the transmitting frequency. Work is currently being carried out at the 'Centre for Communication Systems' in Durham University funded by HMGCC on the design and implementation of a novel Wideband Harmonic Radar system. The radar system would employ advanced sub-systems i.e. a suitable waveform and multiple antenna arrays processing super-resolution algorithms for angular information

Development of a global model for atmospheric backscatter at CO2 wavelengths

The variation of the aerosol backscattering at 10.6 micrometers within the free troposphere was investigated and a model to describe this variation was developed. The analysis combines theoretical modeling with the results contained within three independent data sets. The data sets used were obtained by the SAGE I/SAM II satellite experiments, the GAMETAG flight series, and by direct backscatter measurements. The theoretical work includes use of a bimodal, two component aerosol model, and the study of the microphysical and associated optical changes occurring within an aerosol plume. A consistent picture is obtained that describes the variation of the aerosol backscattering function in the free troposphere with altitude, latitude, and season

Development of global model for atmospheric backscatter at CO2 wavelengths

The improvement of an understanding of the variation of the aerosol backscattering at 10.6 micron within the free troposphere and the development model to describe this was undertaken. The analysis combines theoretical modeling with the results contained within three independent data sets. The data sets are obtained by the SAGE I/SAM II satellite experiments, the GAMETAG flight series and by direct backscatter measurements. The theoretical work includes use of a bimodal, two component aerosol model, and the study of the microphysical and associated optical changes occurring within an aerosol plume. A consistent picture is obtained, which describes the variation of the aerosol backscattering function in the free troposphere with altitude, latitude, and season. Most data are available and greatest consistency is found inside the Northern Hemisphere

Change in HER-2/neu Status from Negative to Positive following Treatment in Breast Cancer: A Case Report

Introduction: Approximately 25–30% of breast cancers are assumed to be HER-2/neu positive. It is well known that HER-2/neu-positive cancers after treatment with trastuzumab can become HER-2/neu negative. Change in HER-2/neu status from negative to positive following treatment has not been well studied. We describe a patient with inflammatory breast cancer who was initially HER-2/neu negative but became positive after treatment. A 59-year-old postmenopausal white female saw her surgeon for violaceous discoloration of the left breast for 4 months. The surgeon palpated a mass measuring 6 cm in the patient’s left breast. Additionally, there was violaceous discoloration involving two thirds of the breast. Biopsy of the breast mass and skin revealed inflammatory breast cancer. The tumor was estrogen receptor positive, progesterone receptor positive and HER-2/neu negative. The patient was given four cycles of chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and docetaxol. She subsequently underwent a mastectomy, excision of the skin over the chest wall and axillary node dissection. Of the axillary lymph nodes, 14/14 were involved. The tumor was still estrogen receptor positive and progesterone receptor positive, but HER-2/neu was 2+ by immunohistochemistry and amplified at 3.3 as detected by fluorescent in situhybridization. The patient received trastuzumab along with chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy and letrozole. She is currently receiving trastuzumab and letrozole in the adjuvant setting and appears to be doing well. Conclusion: A breast cancer which was initially HER-2/neu negative can become positive following treatment. Therefore, re-biopsy may be necessary during the course of treatment of breast cancer to re-assess the HER-2/neu status. This gives the clinician the opportunity to include drugs like trastuzumab and lapatinib in the treatment of patients with a transformation to HER-2/neu-positive cancer

On dominant contractions and a generalization of the zero-two law

Zaharopol proved the following result: let T,S:L^1(X,{\cf},\m)\to L^1(X,{\cf},\m) be two positive contractions such that $T\leq S$. If $\|S-T\|<1$ then $\|S^n-T^n\|<1$ for all n\in\bn. In the present paper we generalize this result to multi-parameter contractions acting on $L^1$. As an application of that result we prove a generalization of the "zero-two" law.Comment: 10 page

Bangladesh baseline surveys on child labour situation in Bidi Industry in Kushtia, Tangail, and Rangpur districts

The International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) of the International Labour Organization (ILO) has been working in a collaborative effort with the government, workers' and employees' and organizations, and civil society to prevent and eliminate child labour and its worst forms worldwide. As part of its endeavour, Bangladesh has also been striving to address the child labour issue through government, workers' and employers' organizations, NGOs and other international organizations with the launching of an action-oriented US Department of Labor (USDOL) funded Project titled "Preventing and eliminating the worst forms of child labour in selected formal and informal sectors". This research is a part of it

Jammer detection in M-QAM-OFDM by learning a dynamic Bayesian model for the cognitive radio

Communication and information field has witnessed recent developments in wireless technologies. Among such emerging technologies, the Internet of Things (IoT) is gaining a lot of popularity and attention in almost every field. IoT devices have to be equipped with cognitive capabilities to enhance spectrum utilization by sensing and learning the surrounding environment. IoT network is susceptible to the various jamming attacks which interrupt users communication. In this paper, two systems (Single and Bank-Parallel) have been proposed to implement a Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN) Model to detect jammer in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) sub-carriers modulated with different M-QAM. The comparison of the two systems has been evaluated by simulation results after analyzing the effect of self-organizing map's (SOM) size on the performance of the proposed systems in relation to M-QAM modulation